A desk-based, retrospective Health Impact Assessment was undertaken to explore the health impacts of the lockdown public health directive with an equity focus, on the Victorian population, through reviewing available qualitative and quantitative published studies and grey literature. Since March 2020, when the COVID19 pandemic hit Australia, Victoria has been in lockdown six times for 264 days, making it the world’s longest cumulative locked-down city. This Health Impact Assessment evaluated gender disparities, especially women’s mental health, represented by increased levels of psychological distress during the lockdowns. Results are promising and illustrate that a multicomponent, community-based initiative reduced risk factors predictive of TDV. Start Strong is innovative in its focus on early adolescence, which is a critical period in the transition to dating.
Study selection
Many measurement scales were intended to be descriptive rather than diagnostic and the psychometric properties of measurement scales were extremely variable in sensitivity and internal consistency. Some scales did not have hard cut-off points, and their developers advised that the threshold should be set based on the distribution of mean scores and context in which the interventions took place, which were not reported in the studies. Even in cases where clear thresholds were set, some studies reported removal or replacement of items in validated instruments for cultural reasons, rendering the recommended thresholds inapplicable.
Ongoing research is needed to elucidate these inequities further. Governments implementing policies to suppress and mitigate COVID19 need to consider how to reduce harmful consequences of these strategies to avoid further generating inequities towards vulnerable groups within the population and increasing inequalities in the broader society. Table A.6 simulates a possible upper bound on the physical IPV list estimate if there had been no ceiling effect and under extreme assumptions of underreporting with the sensitive list. Anderson and generate weighted standardized summary indices as the most efficient weighted average of the set of outcomes to minimize the false discovery rate.
Assessment of risk of bias
Members of the analytic team represented diverse racial/ethnic identities, sexual orientations, gender identities, and educational attainment. Since the analytic team was not comprised of gay and bisexual Kenyan men, all results were presented to the team of interviewers who provided additional insights into the findings as a form of member checking . In general, we found that statistically significant improvements were reported by the majority of studies across all outcome categories except for outcomes related to caregiver support and psychiatric symptoms.
Similarly, the psychosocial determinants of loneliness, income, occupation and relationships/lifestyle were found to also increase psychological distress in women with moderate strength. The nature of the impact is negative, and the potential size of the impact is large. Our analyses identified manifestations of stigma and violence within both intimate interpersonal relationships and critical social institutions. Within the intimate interpersonal relationships domain, there were three primary thematic areas in which stigma and violence were described by participants, including family, friends, and romantic and/or sexual partners. Sub-themes of gay-baiting violence, blackmail, intimate partner violence, and commitment phobia were further identified within the romantic and/or sexual partners primary theme.
Attendance at a Community-Based, After School, Youth-Led Sexual Violence Prevention Initiative
Included studies had a randomized design of any type examining the efficacy of an intervention to reduce dating violence among adolescents and provided at least 1 measure of sexual or physical dating violence. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of medical student responses to the AAMC-GQ. The AAMC-GQ is a survey that is administered annually to students graduating from all 140 accredited allopathic medical schools in the United States.
Prevention efforts require changes to both attitudes and behaviour. Future studies may need to focus more on measuring actual behaviours, rather than just knowledge and attitudes. Programmes may also need to consider contextual social factors, such as the influence of peers, on the social and behavioural development of young people.
Table 1 shows potential health impacts which may result from lockdowns. The quasi-experimental evaluation design included data collection from four Start Strong schools and four comparison schools. Student surveys were collected at four waves of data at the beginning and the end of grades 7 and 8. Multilevel models used repeated observations nested within students who were, in turn, nested within schools to determine whether participation in Start Strong enhanced healthy skills and relationships and decreased TDV-related attitudes and behaviors. The current study findings are in line with what has been reported in other studies. Notably, the Human Rights Watch’s 2015 report The Issue is Violence, and the Kenya Human Rights Commission’s 2011 report, The Outlawed Amongst Us, both present qualitative data demonstrating the severity and pervasiveness of violence faced by Kenyan gay and bisexual men.
In order to prevent CSA, many intervention programs were made globally. This practice consists of programs designed to prevent or reduce aggressive or violent behavior in K-12 students who are considered at risk of or who have demonstrated such antisocial behaviors. A systematic review of effective interventions for reducing multiple health risk behaviors in adolescence. Effectiveness of universal school-based programs for prevention of violence in adolescents.
The majority of studies demonstrated patient-level benefit subsequent to primary care IPV interventions, with IPV/community referrals the most common positively affected outcome. To map the successful experiences of interventions aimed at coping with violence among intimate partners in adolescence, in the light of the gender and generation categories, 3,234 studies published in three languages are mapped. Puerto Rican adolescents in this study expressed the need for information that could be presented in a more concise and dynamic format and highlighted the cultural barriers of silence around issues of dating violence.
If DHS IPV data are measured with substantial, systematic, and context-specific bias as this paper suggests is likely, this has significant implications for the use of such data. In Rwanda, where the list non-sensitive group was directly asked each non-sensitive question, there is statistically significant Wildbuddies.com evidence of a design effect for three out of the four questions, suggesting that group assignment affected answers to the list questions. However, we cannot rule out that literate women understood the list experiment better than illiterate women, and thus how much weight to place on these results.
A difference in prevalence implies misreporting under at least one of the methods. Researchers have used the list experiment to improve data accuracy when measuring sensitive behaviors and attitudes. If also true for IPV, there may be a limited upside to using the method.